Danaus (butterfly)

''Danaus'', commonly called tigers, milkweeds, monarchs, wanderers, and queens, is a genus of butterflies in the tiger butterfly tribe. They are found worldwide, including North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Indonesia and Australia. For other tigers see the genus, ''Parantica''.

Taxonomy

Following the review of Smith et al. (2005), 12 species are provisionally accepted based on morphological, mtDNA 12S rRNA and cytochrome ''c'' oxidase subunit I, and nuclear DNA 18S rRNA and EF1 subunit α sequence data:

This genus was formerly split into the subgenera ''Danaus'', ''Salatura'', and ''Anosia'', but this arrangement has been abolished. While the first (the 2–3 monarch butterflies) and ''Salatura'' (species ''ismare, genutia, affinis'', and ''melanippus'') do indeed seem to be clades, the relationship of these to the other species, especially the puzzling ''D. dorippus'', is not clear.

Hybridization producing fertile offspring is known to occur between some species, confounding mtDNA data; this seems to be especially true in the case of ''D. dorippus'' (Smith et al. 2005). In addition, male-killing ''Spiroplasma'' infection has been shown in ''D. chrysippus'' and probably also occurs in other species (Jiggins et al. 2000); the consequences for speciation and evolution are probably similar to those observed in infection with male-killing strains of the better-researched ''Wolbachia'' bacteria.

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of the genus (without '' D. cleophile'').

Synonyms of ''Danaus'' species and subspecies

* Source
The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
* Note: Names preceded by an equal sign ( = ) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names, or invalid names. Synonymy, given below in abbreviated form, is from Ackery & Vane-Wright (1984).

Tribe Danaini Boisduval, 1833
* ''Danaus'' Kluk, 1802 ( = ''Danaida'' Latreille, 1804; = ''Limnas'' Hübner, 1806; = ''Danais'' Latreille, 1807; = ''Danaus'' Latreille, 1809; = ''Anosia'' Hübner, 1816; = ''Festivus'' Crotch, 1872; = ''Salatura'' Moore, 1880; = ''Nasuma'' Moore, 1883; = ''Tasitia'' Moore, 1883; = ''Danaomorpha'' Kremky, 1925; = ''Panlymnas'' Bryk, 1937; = ''Diogas'' d'Almeida, 1938)
** '' Danaus cleophile'' (Godart, 1819) ( original name = ''Danais cleophile'' Godart, 1819)
** ''Danaus plexippus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) ( original name = ''Papilio plexippus'' Linnaeus, 1758; = ''misippiformis'' Meuschen, 1781; = ''archippus'' Fabricius, 1793; = ''menippe'' Hübner, 1816; = ''megalippe'' Hübner, 1826; = ''leucogyne'' Butler, 1884; = ''fumosus'' Hulstaert, 1886; = ''pulchra'' Strecker, 1900; = ''nigrippus'' Haensch, 1909; = ''americanus'' Gunder, 1927; = ''nivosus'' Gunder, 1927; = ''curassavicae'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''portoriciensis'' Clark, 1941; = ''tobagi'' Clark, 1941; = ''disjuncta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''bipunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''obliterata'' Dufrane, 1948)
** '' Danaus erippus'' (Cramer, 1775) ( original name = ''Papilio erippus'' Cramer, 1775 ( = ''larensis'' Köhler, 1929; = ''asclepiadis'' Fabricius, 1938)
** '' Danaus ismare'' (Cramer, 1780) ( original name = ''Papilio ismare'' Cramer, 1780; = ''ismareola'' Butler, 1866; = ''fulvus'' Ribbe, 1890; = ''celebensis'' Rothschild, 1892; = ''felicia'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''goramica'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''alba'' Morishita, 1981)
** ''Danaus genutia'' (Cramer, 1779) ( original name = ''Papilio genutia'' Cramer, 1779; = ''adnana'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''albipars'' Talbot, 1943; = ''alexis'' Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = ''bandjira'' Martin, 1911; = ''bimana'' Martin, 1911; = ''connectens'' Moulton, 1921; = ''conspicua'' Butler, 1866; = ''grynion'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''intensa'' Moore, 1883; = ''intermedia'' Moore, 1883; = ''kyllene'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''laratensis'' Butler, 1883; = ''leucoglene'' Felder & Felder, 1865; = ''niasicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''nipalensis'' Moore, 1877; = ''partita'' Fruhstorfer, 1897; = ''plexippus'' auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = ''sumatrana'' Moore, 1883; = ''sumbana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''telmissus'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''tuak'' Pryer & Cator, 1894; = ''tychius'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''uniens'' Martin, 1911; = ''wetterensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''yuchingkini'' Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid ''chrysippus'' x ''genutia'', Kurosawa, 1973)
** ''Danaus affinis'' (Fabricius, 1775) ( original name = ''Papilio affinis'' Fabricius, 1775; = ''abigar'' Eschscholtz, 1821; = ''adustus'' Godman & Salvin, 1882; = ''affinoides'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''albistriga'' Talbot, 1943; = ''albonotata'' Howarth, 1962; = ''artenice'' Cramer, 1781; = ''aruana'' Moore, 1883; = ''astakos'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''batjana'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''bipuncta'' Talbot, 1943; = ''biseriata'' Butler, 1882; = ''bonguensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''cecilia'' Bouganville, 1837; = ''chionippe'' Hübner, 1823; = ''cometho'' Godman & Salvin, 1888; = ''coriacea'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''decentralis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''decipiens'' Butler, 1882; = ''decipientis'' Strand, 1914; = ''djampeana'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''fergussonia'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''ferruginea'' Butler, 1876; = ''fuliginosa'' Hagen, 1894; = ''fulgurata'' Butler, 1866; = ''fuscata'' Talbot, 1943; = ''galacterion'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''gelanor'' Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = ''hegesippinus'' Röber, 1891; = ''insolata'' Butler, 1870; = ''jimiensis'' Miller & Miller, 1978; = ''jobiensis'' Grose-Smith, 1894; = ''kapaura'' Talbot, 1943; = ''kawiensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''kiriwina'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''leucippis'' Röber, 1891; = ''litoralis'' Doherty, 1891; = ''luxurians'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''malayana'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''molyssa'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''mysolica'' Moore, 1883; = ''mytilene'' Felder & Felder, 1860; = ''nigrita'' Moore, 1883; = ''nore'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''nubila'' Butler, 1866; = ''obscura'' Capronnier, 1886; = ''oesypera'' Talbot, 1943; = ''olga'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''oros'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''paradoxa'' Röber, 1939; = ''philene'' Stoll 1782; = ''piepersi'' Kalis, 1933; = ''pittakus'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''pleistarchus'' Fruhstorfer, 1912; = ''pseudophilene'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''pullata'' Butler, 1866; = ''rubrica'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''sabrona'' Talbot, 1943; = ''sangira'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''signata'' Talbot, 1943; = ''snelleni'' Kalis, 1933; = ''strephon'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''subnigra'' Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = ''subnubila'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''tambora'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''taroena'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''taruna'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''transfuga'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''tualana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''vandeldeni'' Kalis, 1933; = ''vorkeinus'' Röber, 1866; = ''wentholti'' Martin, 1914; = ''woodlarkiana'' Fruhstorfer, 1907)
** ''Danaus melanippus'' (Cramer, 1777) ( original name = ''Papilio melanippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''hegesippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''lotis'' Cramer, 1779; = ''thoe'' Hübner, 1816; = ''edmondii'' Bougainville, 1837; = ''nesippus'' C. Felder, 1862; = ''eurydice'' Butler, 1884; = ''celebensis'' Staudinger, 1889; = ''erebus'', Röber, 1891 ; = ''haruhasa'' Doherty, 1891; = ''pietersii'' Doherty, 1891; = ''taimanu'' Doherty, 1891; = ''fruhstorferi'' Röber, 1897; = ''keteus'' Hagen, 1898; = ''indicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''malossona'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''lotina'' Fruhstorfer, 1904; = ''umbrosus'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''philozigetes'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''mezentius'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''meridionigra'' Martin, 1913; = ''edwardi'' Van Eecke, 1914; = ''insularis'' Moulton, 1921; = ''albescens'' Röber, 1927; = ''kotoshonis'' Matsumara, 1929; = ''camorta'' Evans, 1932)
** '' Danaus eresimus'' (Cramer, 1777) ( original name = ''Papilio eresimus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''ares'' d'Almeida, 1944; = ''asclepidea'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''dilucida'' Forbes, 1939; = ''erginus'' Godman & Salvin, 1897; = ''estevana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''icensis'' Fuchs, 1954; = ''montezuma'' Talbot, 1943; = ''tethys'' Forbes, 1943)
** '' Danaus plexaure'' (Godart, 1819) ( original name = ''Danais plexaure'' Godart, 1819; = ''brasiliensis'' Capronnier, 1874)
** ''Danaus gilippus'' (Cramer, 1775) ( original name = ''Papilio gilippus'' Cramer, 1775; = ''berenice'' Cramer, 1779; = ''vincedoxici'' Hübner, 1816; = ''vincetoxici'' Hübner, 1816; = ''cleothera'' Godart, 1819; = ''manuja'' Eschscholtz, 1821; = ''xanthippus'' Felder & Felder, 1860; = ''thersippus'' Bates, 1863; = ''jamaicensis'' Bates, 1864; = ''strigosa'' Bates, 1864; = ''hermippus'' Felder & Felder, 1865; = ''nivosus'' Godman & Salvin, 1897; = ''esperanza'' Hoffman, 1924; = ''centralis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = ''kempfferi'' Hall, 1925; = ''kerri'' Comstock, 1925; = ''vincetoxici'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''candidus'' Clark, 1941; = ''gilippina'' Hoffman, 1940; = ''wheeleri'' Talbot, 1943; = ''roedingeri'' Fuchs, 1954)
** ''Danaus chrysippus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) ( original name = ''Papilio chrysippus'' Linnaeus, 1758; = ''albinus'' Lanz, 1896; = ''amplifascia'' Talbot, 1943; = ''anomala'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''asclepiadis'' Gagliardi, 1811; = ''auriflava'' Van Eecke, 1914; = ''axantha'' Hayward, 1922; = ''bataviana'' Moore, 1883; = ''bipunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''bowringi'' Moore, 1883; = ''candidata'' Hayward, 1922; = ''chrysipellus'' Strand, 1910; = ''clarippus'' Weymer, 1884; = ''completa'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''cratippus'' Felder, 1860; = ''deficiens'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''duplicata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''duponti'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''evanescens'' Storace, 1949; = ''fuscippus'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''gelderi'' Snellen, 1891; = ''hanoiensis'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''hypermnestra'' Stoneham, 1958; = ''impunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''infumata'' Aurivillius, 1898; = ''joannisi'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''kanariensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1898; = ''lemeemagdalenae'' Lemeé, 1950; = ''limbata'' Matsumura, 1929; = ''luxurians'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''margarita'' Röber, 1926; = ''orientis'' Aurivillius, 1909; = ''ornata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''petilia'' Stoll, 1790; = ''praealbata'' Froreich, 1928; = ''pseudopetilea'' Kalis, 1933; = ''radiata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''reducta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''rubra'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''semialbinus'' Strand, 1910; = ''subpurpurea'' Matsumura, 1929; = ''subreducta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''vigelii'' Heylaerts, 1884; = ''witteellus'' Overlaet, 1955; = ''yuchingkini'' Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid ''D. chrysippus'' x ''D. genutia'')
*** ''Danaus chrysippus chrysippus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*** ''Danaus chrysippus aegyptius'' (Schreber, 1759) ( original name = ''Papilio aegyptius'' Schreber, 1759; = ''Danaus chrysippus klugii'' Butler, 1886; = ''Papilio alcippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''Danaus chrysippus liboria'' Hulstaert, 1931; = ''Danaus chrysippus alcippoides'' Moore, 1883; = ''Danaus chrysippus dorippus'' Klug, 1845; = ''Danaus chrysippus transiens'' Suffert, 1900)

References

* Ackery, P. & Vane-Wright, R. (1984). ''Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology''. London: British Museum (Natural History.
* Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. (2000). The butterfly ''Danaus chrysippus'' is infected by a male-killing ''Spiroplasma'' bacterium. ''Parasitology'' 120(5): 439–446. (HTML abstract)
* Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., Maclean, N., Smith, D. A. S., & Gordon, I. J. (2003). Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. ''Heredity, 90''(3), 236-246.
* Smith, D. A. S., Gordon, I. J., Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., & Maclean, N. (2002). Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76''(4), 535-544.
* Smith, D. A. S., Lushai, G., & Allen, J. A. A. (2005). A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144''(2), 191-212.

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Nymphalidae genera
Nymphalidae of South America
Taxa named by Jan Krzysztof Kluk